sofskill Mount Sinabung
NAMA : YOHANA RIZKI
DEBORA SIHOMBING
NPM : 19213480
KELAS : 1EA22
Mount
Sinabung (Indonesian: Gunung Sinabung, also Dolok
Sinabung, Deleng Sinabun, Dolok Sinaboen, Dolok Sinaboeng
and Sinabuna) is a Pleistocene-to-Holocenestratovolcano of andesite and dacite in the Karo
plateau of Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia, 25 miles
from Lake Tobasupervolcano. Many old lava flows are on its
flanks and the last known eruption, before recent times, occurred in the year
1600. Solfataric activities
(cracks where steam, gas, and lava are
emitted) were last observed at the summit in 1912; recent documented events
include an eruption in the early hours of 29 August 2010 and eruptions in
September and November 2013, January and February 2014.
7300 years
ago, in Indonesia, there was a very powerful eruption. So much so to be equated
with the eruption of Mount Helena 2,000 times or 20,000 times the Hiroshima
atomic-bomb explosion Nagasaki. In fact, as a result of the titanic eruptions,
unobstructed sunlight entering into the earth due to soaring ash eruptions for
decades.
As a result,
the earth's temperature dropped to 15 degrees Celsius and the ice age began
2,000 years later. Not surprisingly, then life on earth is threatened with
extinction. It is estimated that the human race is left only 10,000.
He was Mount
Toba. That the enormity of the eruption, the caldera formed in the earth with
the largest reserves in the world's largest magma (visible from satellite
photos) around the former Mount Toba stand. Cekungannya is now Lake Toba to
Samosir Island in the middle.
In addition
to the caldera and lake, Toba eruption produced some mountain children, one of
which the largest is the Mount Sinabung.
Since the
formation of hundreds of years ago, the mountain diameter is 7 km mountain
dormant (sleeping) or no activity. The last eruption occurred at 1600
mountain.However, some data and facts stated Sinabung showed signs of being
"squirm". Although currently still shaped like a small cone, had no
sign of "growth".
Mount Sinabung located in Karo of North
Sumatra is one of 30 volcanoes exist on the Great Fault Sumetra Active
Volcanoes and is closest to the "Mountain Super" ie ancient supervulcano
TOBA.
And judging by its location, Sinabung
active again since 2010, which for 400 years is "sleeping" soundly,
its position is RIGHT on the Great Sumatran Fault from the "mama"
itself, namely Mount Toba. And this fault is one of the two fault / fracture
most active in the world.
Sinabung began to wake up after the
devastating earthquake and tsunami that rocked Aceh on December 26, 2004,
followed by the Nias earthquake in March 2005 and July 2006, followed by Padang
earthquake in March 2007 repeated in September 2009 Nias earthquake followed
again in October 2009 ....... a year later, August 29, 2010 Mount Sinabung
erupts for the first time after years of silence 400an.
Great Sumatran Fault that extends along
1700 km have been recorded throughout history that shook the world, Fault
Karakatau eruption at the end of this at the end of August 1883 has listed how
great tempest of faults that can be presented to the entire world.
The resulting tsunami reached Hawaii,
the English Channel and France, and even on the beaches around Sumatra and Java
tsunami waves reached a height of 40 m. Imagine. Victims of 36,000 inhabitants.
This is the number of people who died in the year 1883, where the human
population is not as dense now. The number of casualties may bepuluh fold when
going on right now.
Worldwide weather changes, dust covered
the Earth's atmosphere, sunlight dimmed for a year, rampant pestilence, crop
failures accompanying food shortages due to dust Karakatau. And many more
phenomena that affect the world's future. And it all starts here, at the point
hunjaman Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate, which was Sinabung
rumbled on it these days.
If the earthquake resulting tsunami
caused by the activity of "plate" at a depth of 10 km at 160 km from
the west coast of Aceh, it turns shallow volcanic earthquakes around a depth of
3 km below Sinabung recorded dozens of times a day, accompanied by some of the
depth of Earthquake Tectonics 10 Km.
And on one of the last major eruption,
officials said Sinabung Monitoring Post MAGMA NEW ARRIVE result. Supervulcano
Toba is said to still have a magma chamber beneath it was silent. Above which
there is the beauty of Lake Toba. And if it is a caldera lake, the Mount
Sinabung is a "child".
And because of the hole on the top of
Sinabung bursts continue to multiply and increase in size (is going on), it
makes sense that the push magma will be more interested in centered on the
point this out if there is magma trapped volume continues to grow with new
magma due hunjaman-hunjaman plate since 2004.
Geology
Mount
Sinabung is a Pleistocene-to-Halocene stratovolcano. It is located in a
relatively cool area on a fertile plateau with mountains bounding the north.
The summit crater of the volcano has a complex, longer form due to air vents
migrating on the N-S line. The 2,460 meter high andesitic-todacitic volcano
comes from the Sunda Arc. This is created by the subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate under the Eurasian Plate. The Andaman Islands are on the North-Northwest bound of
the arc while the Banda Arc is on the
East. Sinabung has a total of four volcanic craters, one of
them being active currently.
Eruptions
August 2010
On 29 August
2010 (local time), the volcano experienced a minor eruption after several days
of rumbling. Ash spewed into the atmosphere up to 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi)
high and lava was seen overflowing the crater. The
volcano had been inactive for over four centuries, with the most recent eruption occurring
in 1600. On 31 August 6,000 of the 30,000 villagers who had been evacuated
returned to their homes. The volcano was assigned to category “B” In Indonesia,
as it had been inactive for more than 400 years (volcanoes in category “A”,
must be monitored frequently). The Indonesian Red Cross Society and the Health
Ministry of Indonesia sent doctors and medicines to the region. The National
Disaster Management Agency provided face masks and food to assist the evacuees.
September
2010
On Friday 3
September, two more eruptions were noted. The first happened at 4:45 am in the
morning, forcing more villagers to leave their houses - some of them had just
returned the day before. This eruption was the most intense so far, with ash
spewed up into the atmosphere about 3.0 kilometres (1.9 mi) high. Some
hours before the eruption a warning had been issued through the volcanology
agency, and most villagers were prepared to leave quickly. A second eruption
occurred the same evening, around 6 pm. The eruption came with earthquakes
which could be noticed out to a 25.0 kilometres (15.5 mi) distance around
the volcano.
On Tuesday 7
September, Mount Sinabung erupted yet again, its biggest eruption yet since it
had become active on 29 August 2010 and experts warned of more blasts to come.
Indonesia's chief vulcanologist, Surono, said "It was the biggest eruption
yet and the sound was heard from 8 kilometres away. The smoke was 5,000 metres
in the air".Heavy rain mixed with the ash to form muddy coatings, a
centimetre thick, on buildings and trees. Electricity in one village was cut
off, but there were no casualties.
Government
response.
The
Indonesian government was reported to have evacuated around 17,500 people from
the region on and around the volcano. The government issued the highest-level
warning for the area, which was expected to remain in force for around a week,
since scientists were unfamiliar with the characteristics of the volcano, due
to it having been dormant for so long. The government also set up kitchens for
refugees to have access to food and handed out 7,000 masks. Over 10,000 people
have been internally evacuated after the eruption, Secretary of the provincial
administration, Edy Sofyan told Xinhua by phone. Spokesman of National Disaster
Management Agency Priyadi Kardono said the eruption had not been predicted
earlier like other volcanoes and that authorities must conduct a quick
preparation for emergency work because Mount Sinabung’s seismic activity has
been monitored intensively only since Friday after it showed an increase in
activity. In the wake of the eruption, the National Disaster Management Agency
(Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana/BNPB), supported the roughly 27,489
displaced people by providing shelters. In addition, "BNPB has distributed
1,000 blankets, 1,000 sleeping mats and 500 family tents. The local government
has allocated 50 tonnes of rice, 14,000 tins of fish, 1 water truck, 1,000
bottles of ketchup, 240 kg of instant noodles, 500 blankets, 50 family tents,
200 sleeping mats, oxygen bottles/tubes for emergency, and 5,000 packs of
vitamin C and B6.
Effects
The towns
nearest to the volcano are Kabanjahe and Berastagi. There were
no disruptions reported to air services at the regional airport, Medan's Polonia. One person was reported dead due
to the eruption; he had respiratory problems while fleeing his home.
September
2013
On Sunday 15
September 2013, the volcano erupted at around 3 a.m local time. More than 3,700
people were evacuated from areas within a 3 kilometre (2 mile) radius of the
volcano, and five halls normally used for traditional cultural ceremonies were
converted into shelters with at least 1,500 being temporarily housed.
November
2013
The volcano
erupted again on 5 November 2013, for the third time in as many months, forcing
thousands of villagers to evacuate. The Indonesian Center for Volcanology and
Geological Hazard Mitigation advised villagers to keep a distance of at least 2
miles from the volcano, while 5,000 people were evacuated from North Sumatra's
Karo Regency. The eruption has affected the people living around the volcano in
more than one way; crops died due to the ash fall leading to an economic change
in the area. Sinabung is one of nearly 130 active volcanoes in the world's fourth-most
populated country, which straddles the "Pacific Ring of Fire".On 11 November 2013, a
pyroclastic flow, a fast-moving avalanche of ash, lava fragments and air, was
seen racing down the peak. Since the eruption, Mount Sinabung has been very
active in terms of having explosions of ash up to 2 times a day.
December
2013
January 2014
On 4 January 2014, the volcano
erupted again. "Mount Sinabung, which has erupted over a hundred times
between Jan. 4 through the morning of Jan. 5 is spewing out a 4,000 metre
(13,000 ft) high column of ash damaging property and crops and poisoning animals
over a wide radius.
February
2014
On
1 February 2014 a further eruption occurred that sent clouds of hot ash 2
kilometres (1.2 mi) into the air and engulfed nearby villages. Reports
claim that at least 14 people died as a result of the eruption, which occurred
just after residents living more than five kilometers from the mountain had
been allowed to return home following a lack of recent volcanic activity. Among
the dead were a local television journalist and four high-school students along
with their teacher, who were visiting the mountain to see the eruptions up
close. Seven of the victims were members of the Indonesian Christian Student
Movement (GMKI), who died while trying to save local residents as pyroclastic flows swept across Mount Sinabung.
Ecology
An ecosystem
responds to volcanism in many different ways depending on the frequency, scale,
and severity of the eruptions. Further more, it can be assumed that the pyroclastic
flow of the eruption that was an estimated 700 degrees in temperature killed
many of the organic matter including plants and animals. As seen in the Mount
St. Helens eruption, many insects would likely die due to the ask fall. This
abrasion due to the ash causes quick desiccation. Although many insects may
have survived from being in trees that were not torn down or deep in the
ground, these insects may not live long after the event due to lack of
resources. Many larger animals may not have been able to escape the flow in
time. However, like at Mt. St. Helens, many of these animals could recover from
pools of survivors and from invasion of other species.
The
eruption of Mount Sinabung on Sumatra is very surprising. Sebuh
uncharacteristic eruption was preceded by previous signs. But Sinabung in the
category B does not get the attention like a volcano type A. Activities range
has shown that he is not a mountain to die.
The
last eruption in recorded history, the mountain erupted in 1600. Mountains with
an elevation of 2,460 m (8.071 ft) has been spewing lava and dust and sand
volkaniknya to air on August 29, 2010 at 00:10 midnight.
Because
inactive for hundreds of years, mountains with elevations of 2,460 meters above
sea level was classified type B. Another example of the type of mountain is
Merbabu adjacent to Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta and North Sumatra Sibayak. Keep
in mind that the slopes of Mount Sibayak there are geothermal power plant.
Tentusaja know the status of this mountain is vital.
Mr.
Surono explained from the Geological Agency, the mountain is a volcano type B
that does not have the character as a magmatic eruption. Based on the priority
threats, mountain type B is not monitored regularly. Will, but that does not
mean mountain in Indonesia with type B is not observed. Only the lower
priorities of volcanic type A
Since erupted at 00:10 midnight earlier, further Surono, PVMBG change the type of the mountain to type A with alert status. The next mountain will be monitored every day for 24 hours.
Quarterly activities of Sinabung volcano
Since erupted at 00:10 midnight earlier, further Surono, PVMBG change the type of the mountain to type A with alert status. The next mountain will be monitored every day for 24 hours.
Quarterly activities of Sinabung volcano
According
to the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG) shows
that the mountain is growing very fast. Activities of Sinabung Volcano
eruption and nature were never recorded, therefore it is not known eruptive
activity. Because it was never recorded eruptions since 1600, the G. Sinabung
grouped in type B, and continuous monitoring is not performed.
During
the activities of Sinabung G. solfatara observed only in the form of
manifestation and fumarola in the crater aktif.Bahkan often climb this mountain
and have a very beautiful scenery.
Over
the previous two days based on the information that was on the field team
reported on August 28, 2010 at 08.00 - 16.00, visually observed a thin white
smoke, a height of about 20 meters with a weak to moderate pressure. Then at
16:00 to 19:00 pm, G. Sinabung shrouded in fog. While observations at 19.00 -
24.00 pm, not observed the presence of smoke from the active crater.
Thus
G. Sinabung showed no signs of improvement activities that make us get ready.
However, on August 29, 2010 at 0:08 pm tengahmalam, the sound of thunder. With the activities of Sinabung G. then changed the type of type B to type A and its status is expressed CAUTION commencing at 0:10 pm on August 29, 2010. This is due at 0:10 pm, after coordinating with the team on the field, it was decided conducted refugee community living and active at a radius of 6 km from the active crater.
However, on August 29, 2010 at 0:08 pm tengahmalam, the sound of thunder. With the activities of Sinabung G. then changed the type of type B to type A and its status is expressed CAUTION commencing at 0:10 pm on August 29, 2010. This is due at 0:10 pm, after coordinating with the team on the field, it was decided conducted refugee community living and active at a radius of 6 km from the active crater.
At
approximately 0:12 pm, the smoke looks eruption height of 1500 meters from the
crater rim. When compared with Kelud the "failed" erupted earlier had
shown signs in a long time.
With
the very sudden activity is the Emergency Response Team has been in the field
(Cimacem Bekerah Village, District Namanteran) since August 28, 2010 and has
coordinated with relevant officials of the province of North Sumatra and Karo.
This team will install monitoring equipment and keep abreast of the activities of Sinabung G.carefully. And because G. Sinabung in status CAUTION development activities will be reportedevery6hours.
This team will install monitoring equipment and keep abreast of the activities of Sinabung G.carefully. And because G. Sinabung in status CAUTION development activities will be reportedevery6hours.
Directorate
of Volcanology appealed to the public as follows:
·
People who live and
move within a radius of 6 km from the active crater in order to be evacuated to
a safe place.
·
If there is a fairly
heavy rain of ash, so that people using the mask covering the nose and mouth
and close water source for drinking purposes.
·
Given the unknown G.
Sinabung eruption activity and nature, then the public to be patient to follow
the direction of the Local Government (BPBDs / Satlak / Satkorlak) and Local
Government to always coordinate with the team of experts in the field.
·
Given the current in
the region around G. Sinabung often rains, so that people who live on the banks
of rivers that disgorge at the peak of Sinabung G. to be aware of the
possibility of secondary hazards such as lava flood.
·
The mountain
erupted again Friday, September 3rd, 2010 at dawn as well. After three nights
staying in refugee camps, refugees should eventually 31 were admitted to
hospitals Kabanjahe, Karo District.
Most of the 31 refugees were suffering
from ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection). The refugees were hospitalized. Due to
limitations of equipment and facilities at evacuation shelters. From the data
post, ill Refugees of 2087, 1,144 people suffer from ARI.
The mountain was still danger with thick
smoke and volcanic dust to Saturday (04/9/2010) tonight.
Officers volcanologist said the
volcano's status is still alert or level IV. The government also asked the
people who live and move within a radius of six kilometers from the active
crater evacuated to a safe place.
erupting since four
months ago has made tourists to visit the Karo district, North Sumatra
continued to decline. Though not all areas affected Karo eruption of the
volcano.
Secretary General of the Ministry of
Tourism and Creative Economy (Kemenparekraf), ukus Kuswara, in a press
conference at The National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Central Jakarta,
Wednesday (05/02/2014), said the decline in the number of tourists was not
because of information received society is less precise.
"In addition we have to establish
the location of the image (perception) balance information, do not let
disasters destroy our image," he said.
He mentioned Karo occupancy rate for the
class before the eruption of reach 45.75 percent, while only 23.73 per cent. As
for the jasmine class occupancy rate reached 61.24 percent before the disaster,
while currently only reached 18.60 percent.
For North Sumatra in 2013 the average
monthly visits reached 439 068 people, since the disaster that number decreased
to 383 197 people.
The decrease in the number of tourists
not only occur in the Karo district, but also occur in other areas in North
Sumatra. Ukas mention since the eruption of Mount Sinabung, the number of
tourists who visit Lake Toba Samosir regency decreased, whereas the region
include safe.
REFERENCE
Komentar
Posting Komentar